Michael Porter introduced the Five Forces framework in a 1979 Harvard Business Review article and expanded on it in his 1980 book Competitive Strategy. The model outlines five key forces—competitive rivalry, threat of new entrants, supplier power, buyer power, and threat of substitutes—that shape industry competition and profitability. While insightful, it assumes fixed industry boundaries and overlooks factors like partnerships, collaborations, and rapid technological shifts—limitations that are becoming increasingly evident in the AI era.